Pediatric Neurotoxicology by Cynthia A. Riccio & Jeremy R. Sullivan

Author:Cynthia A. Riccio & Jeremy R. Sullivan
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Springer International Publishing, Cham

Levetiracetam (LEV)

In a subset from the UK pregnancy register, 51 children exposed to levetiracetam were found not to differ from controls at either 3–24 months or 36–54 months, but were better than VPA exposed children (Shallcross et al., 2011, 2014). The developmental scores of the exposed children did not differ from those of controls at either time point, but were better than VPA. This is the only current report of developmental outcomes for LEV exposure.

Phenobarbital (PB)

In several prospective studies, phenobarbital exposure is associated with lower IQ scores (Reinisch, Sanders, Mortensen, & Rubin, 1995) which appears primarily reflected with decreased verbal IQ. Exposure during the third trimester appears to be associated with the greatest negative effect. This relationship has been described in a separate prospective study (Thomas et al., 2007). Retrospective studies, however, have produced inconsistent results (Dean, Colantonio, Ratcliff, & Chase, 2000; Dessens et al., 2000; van der Pol, Hadders-Algra, Huisjes, & Touwen, 1991). Although phenobarbital is infrequently prescribed in North America and Europe, its low cost makes phenobarbital a common first-line treatment option in less well developed regions (Zhang, Zeng, & Li, 2011).

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